Side by side
| New personal | Aged personal | Organization | With apps | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registered | After 13 Nov 2023 | Before 13 Nov 2023 | Any | See card |
| 12-tester test | Required | Not required | Not required | Depends on type and date |
| Shown on Play | Developer name | Developer name | Organization name | Existing name |
| D-U-N-S | No | No | Yes | If organization |
| Finance/health/VPN/gov | No | No | Yes | If organization |
| Owner transfer | If not monetizing | If not monetizing | Yes | Depends |
| Best for | No deadline | Solo devs skipping the test | Companies and restricted categories | History or an existing app |
By situation
- Personal project, no rush: register yourself for the one-time US$25 fee and run the closed test.
- Personal project, need to ship: an aged non-monetizing personal account or an organization account.
- Publishing as a company, or in a restricted category: organization account.
- Need to keep updating a live app: an account with apps, with its signing key included.
Categories that require an organization
- Financial products and services: banking, loans, stock trading, investment funds, crypto wallets and exchanges.
- Health apps such as medical and human-subjects research apps.
- Apps approved to use the VpnService class.
- Government apps, including apps built on behalf of an agency.